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Self-concept appears to be central to student's perception of occupation. The implication here is that, since the students are to react to occupational information in terms of their individual perception and the meanings and relationship it has with their self-concept, then proper occupational information should be supplied to the students, to know how to get a job, the current employment situation, wages paid, working environment, prospect for promotion, employment opportunities for secondary school graduates, how each graduate can get a future job and other facts related to jobs and employment.

However, once an individual mistakenly falls into an occupation that does not suit his self-concept; he would not be able to perform well, therefore he has to resort to

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change for a more suitable one. This would involve re-organising one-self, and reversing back to verification, exploration, and selection phases of motivation for occupation process in order to obtain a more pleasant. This reversibility could be very difficult due to the long duration of training, energy, money and effort that have been committed to the already chosen occupation. Therefore it would not be easy to change from one occupation to other both for the employer and the employee.

Bearing the above implication in mind, efforts need to be made to avoid the discrepancies between student's perception of themselves and the need or requirement of the occupation they want to undertake.

An encouraging development discovered by the study was the high level of exposure due to the level of technology in contemporary world. This could be attributed to the growing awareness among students, parents and the populace that education is vehicle for rapid social and economic development. The implication of this study on the part of the parents, the school authority, school counsellors and all significant others could be that they should provide the guidance which will help their children to clear up self-deceptions and occupational conflict hence the choice of occupation is primarily a matter of finding an appropriate social outlet for one's ability.

This study also discovered that some students have stronger influence on occupational decision. Male students received the first rating and personal decision, while female were rated second. The implication here is that it would be better if both students are allowed and motivated to choose occupation base on personal decision and self-need. Because if they were pushed into occupation that does not suit their personal need and interest, it could result into severe occupational problems like incapability, job dissatisfaction and unproductivity.

100 5.5 Recommendations

The following are the recommendations of this study:

1. Self-concept has very vital function in overall well-being of human beings.

Therefore, it should not be undermined or ignored. As such strategies should be adopted by counselors and teachers like self-concept trait intervention techniques, self enhancement strategies positive feedback, psychotherapies which could be used to enhance, motivate and encourage favourable and positive self-concept among students.

2. Parents should motivate their wards into occupation of their interest; instead of enforcing them to choose occupations that are compatible with their personal interest and capabilities. They should also work with the counsellors with a view to helping their children to improve their effectiveness by guiding them for a realistic choice of occupation.

3. Parents should co-operate with schools and guidance masters that are acquainted with the children's performance and capabilities to assist their children to select appropriate occupation without gender bias, They should also remember that one of the essential occupational planning skills which an individual needs to understand and develop is that of effective decision making on what students has to do after secondary school studies.

101 5.6 Suggestions for Further Research

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher is suggesting the following areas for further research work.

1. There is need for further research on the relationship between self-concept and motivation for occupational preference among students to be conducted currently in our tertiary institution in the metropolis using different sample of instruments. This will give room for cross comparison between previous findings with subsequent ones.

2. Future researchers should establish into the impact of rural and urban environment in relation to the developments of self-concept and motivation for occupation among students in our secondary school in Sokoto State.

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108 APPENDIX A

Table for Determining Sample Size from a Given Population

N S N S N S

10 10 220 140 1200 291

15 14 230 144 1300 297

20 19 240 148 1400 302

25 24 250 152 1500 306

30 28 260 155 1600 310

35 32 270 159 1700 313

40 36 280 162 1800 317

45 40 290 165 1900 320

50 44 300 169 2000 327

55 48 320 175 2200 327

60 52 340 181 2400 331

65 56 360 186 2600 335

70 59 380 191 2800 333

75 63 400 196 3000 341

80 66 420 201 3500 346

85 70 440 205 4000 351

90 73 460 210 4500 354

95 76 480 214 5000 357

100 80 500 217 6000 361

110 86 550 226 7000 364

120 92 600 234 8000 367

130 97 650 242 9000 368

140 703 700 248 10000 370

150 108 750 254 15000 375

160 113 800 260 20000 377

170 118 850 265 30000 379

180 123 900 269 40000 380

190 127 950 274 50000 382

200 132 1000 278 75000 382

210 136 1100 285 10000 384

* Culled from Kreycie and Morgan (1970)

* Note: N is population size S is sample size

109 APPENDIX B

Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.

Faculty of Educational Foundation

Adolescent Personal Data Inventory (APDI)

Dear student,

This questionnaire is intended to elicit information from you about the effect of your personality on your career choice. You are kindly requested to respond to the following questions or statements accurately and as honest as possible. All your responses would be treated confidentially and be used for the purpose of this study only. Therefore you may please tick the appropriate responses as applicable.

Yours faithfully

Abubakar Abdullahi Umar

Date ………. Age ……… Sex ……….

Nationality ……… Religion ………..

State ………. Town / village ………..

Direction

The scale below will be used to rate a person on items listed. Please use it to rate yourself accordingly, but it is not, worthy to rate the items that must describe yourself at the high end and those that you are undecided or on sure on such item record the number which represent your response on the blank space on the right hand side of the items.

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Thus: Strongly disagree, disagree, undecided, agree, and strongly agree

1 2 3 4 5

Example:

I am a happy boy ……4……

Four is put in the blank on the right hand side of the item because this statement is somehow agreed; you can now start with item.

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1. I have warm solid attraction for others 2. I am a responsible person

3. My life have great value for me 4. I am afraid of enemies 5. I am a submissive person 6. I am active 7. I am confident about what, other people think about me 8. I am concerned about what other people talk about me 9. I constantly feel in secured 10. I express my feelings freely 11. I am not an optimistic person 12. I usually like people 13. I like to work hard 14. I can face any difficulty in life 15. I am ambitious over attaining mastery of things 16. I am un reliable 17. I may lie in certain situations

SDA DA UD A SA

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18. I fear I would fail on anything I plan to do 19. I am self centered 20. I always agree with my mate on all issues 21. I am dependably reliable 22. I often feel lonely 23. I am original in all ways 24. I am lazy 25. I am shy 26. I am always methodical 27. I like to generate new ideas all the time 28. I am always thirsty for knowledge 29. Life is meaningless

30. I like to be myself always

113 APPENDIX C

Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto.

Faculty of Educational Foundations

Students Motivation for Occupational Preference Questionnaire

Dear student,

This questionnaire is intended to elicit information from you about your occupational preference. You are kindly requested to respond to the following questions or statements accurately and as honest as possible. All your responses would be treated confidentially and be used for the purpose of this study only. Therefore you may please tick the appropriate responses as applicable.

Yours faithfully

Abubakar Abdullahi Umar

Personal Information

Village / Town ---

Age --- Sex ---

School --- Class --- Father’s Occupation ---

Mothers’ occupation ---

Mothers’ occupation before marriage (if known) ---

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1. Which occupation or profession do you like most to engage in (enter) after your education?

2. Which is your second most preferred occupation?

3. how informed are you about the occupation you have chosen

Very well informed [ ] Well informed [ ] fairly informed [ ]

Just a little information [ ] No information at all [ ]

4. (a). Do you have any interest in your father’s occupation?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

4. (b). Do you have any interest in your mothers’ occupation?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

Motivation for Occupational Preference (MOP)

The table below is a list of possible reasons why some people choose their occupation.

Read through the reasons carefully and decide how important each reason is in making you to choose the occupation you wish to enter. Column I below indicates the reason while column II indicates the ratings of each reason. The ratings are:

Extremely Important – 4

Fairly Important – 3

Little Importance – 2

Not Important – 1

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S/NO COLUMN I COLUMN II

SECTION A

REASONS No

Important

Little Importance

Fairly Important

Extremely Important 1 Direct or indirect influence of

parents

2 Direct or indirect influence of teachers

3 Direct or indirect influence of friends

4 Direct or indirect influence of the media.

SECTION B 5 Pay good salary

6 Provide attractive working conditions (transport allowances, overtime allowance est.)

7 Ensure stable and secure future 8 Give an improved social status and

prestige

SECTION C 9 Fondness for school subjects

which bear upon the profession 10 Permit the use of my special

ability or aptitude.

11 Permit me to be ordinal and creative (to work with ideas) 12 Permit me to use my hands

extensively (to work with thing)

SECTION D 13 Give me a chance to exercise

leadership

14 Give me opportunity to work with people

15 Give me the opportunity to serve others

16 Permit me to help the less fortunate ones.

SECTION E 17 People of my status do well in the

occupation

18 I was told I can only do well in the occupation

19 I heard a lot about the occupation from career talks

20 It was the only occupation my family expected me to enter