6.5 Heavy mineral, provenance and distribution along the river
6.5.2 Mineralogical composition
Sediments textures and compositon as observed from petrographic analysis may be used to interprete the history of sand including source area, lithology, paleoclimate, tectonic activity processes acting in the depositional basin and the time duration in the basin (Pamella, 2003).
The result of petrographic thin section analysis to determine the composition of randomly picked sand samples is shown in Table 5.22. Petrographic study of the sediments reveals that they are averagely composed of 55.5% quartz (which is the most abundant
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detrital component) suggesting that the paleoclimate at the time of deposition was probably humid and the average amount of feldspar is calculated to be 12.8%, as most of the feldspar has weathered away. The average total amount of rock fragment and cement is revealed to be 13.6% and 6.7% respectively while that of matrix is 3.9%. Figures 6.11a-d shows the variations of the mineralogical compositions in (%) of the sediment samples,
232Th concentations and 226Ra concentrations against locations along the river.
From Figure 6.10a, it was observed that the plot of the distribution of feldspar along the river with concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th did not show positive correlation. It was observed for all the locations between Olopade and Kara, anywhere there were peaks for the distribution of feldspar, there were always deeps for 232Th and 226Ra. This was also the case for Figure 6.10b only that the situation was not as pronouncd as the case of feldspar. This is in agreement with the work done by Ramasamy et al., 2010, where they reported that all the Uranium and Thorium decay series elements are incompatible with the major rock forming minerals such as quartz, olivine and pyroxenes. From Figure 6.10c, the distribution of the rock fragments and rock cement peaked at same locations with 232Th and 226Ra concentrations (Sokori and Abata) and deeped at same location (Magbon). From Figure 6.10d, it was seen that the distribution of mica and matrix with the concentrations of 232Th and 226Ra had peaks and deeps at same locations that fell between Sokori and Ibaragun. The presence of some minerals in sediments can enhance the level of natural radionuclides.
Although the way minerals are incorporated into radionuclides depends on several geological conditions but it strongly dependents on the mineral species and geological formation from which they originate.
From Table 5.22, rock fragments exceeds the proportion of feldspar (implying that they are stable) with few feldspars and majority quartz. The sediments range from immature to mature. This also reflects the weathering process in the source area and the degree of extent of transportation. The mineral maturity index of the sediment estimated using (Q/F+L) ratio after Pettijohn (1975) shows an index range of 1.29-3.00 and an average value of 2.20 Ttable 5.23), indicating that the sediments are marginally mature to immature.
The lithology of the sediment is a function of the environment in which it was deposited, its transportational history and the type of rocks from which it was derived. The metastable
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Fig. 6.10a: The variation of the composition of Feldspar (%), 226Ra concentrations (Bq/kg) and 232Th concentrations (Bq/kg) against locations along the river
Fig. 6.10b: The variation of the composition of Quartz (%), 226Ra concentrations (Bq/kg) and 232Th concentrations (Bq/kg) against locations along the river
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Fig. 6.10c: The variation of the composition of rock fragments and rock cement (%),
226Ra concentrations (Bq/kg) and 232Th concentrations (Bq/kg) against locations along the river
Fig. 6.10d: The variation of the composition of mica and rock matrix (%), 226Ra concentrations (Bq/kg) and 232Th concentrations (Bq/kg) against locations along the river
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153 6.7: Conclusion
Gamma-ray spectroscopy had been used to determine the activity concentrations of 40K,
226Ra and 232Th in 320 sediments samples from Ogun river, Nigeria. The external absorbed dose rates in air, internal gamma dose rates, outdoor annual effective dose rates, indoor annual effective dose rates, external hazard index, internal hazard index, representative gamma index and excess life cancer risks were calculated in order to estimate the radiological implications on the use of the sediments as one of the building materials for construction of buildings for the public. The grain size analysis and heavy mineral provenance and mineralogical composition of the sediments were also analysed in order to relate the concentration of 40K, 232Th and 226Ra to rock history of the source of sediment supply and the petrography of the sediment along the course of the river.
The following are conclusions deduced from the study:
1. The mean of the activity concentrations of 40 K for the sediments was 499.5 ± 59.2 Bq/kg, 12.7 ± 3.5 Bq/kg for 226 Ra and for 232Th the value was 11.8 ± 5.1 Bq/kg. The value of 40 K was about the world‘s average value of 500 Bq/kg, while the values of
226 Ra and 232Th were less than the world‘s average value of 50Bq/kg.
2. No man made radionuclide was detected in any of the samples analysed, indicating the presence of natural radionuclides only.
3. The Analysis of Variance showed that there was no significant differences in the means of the radionuclides concentrations in the upper region, but in the middle and lower regions, there were significant differences in the means of the concentrations of the radionuclides estimated. The location effects size measures showed that there was no significant location effect on the measurements of the concentrations of radionuclides taken at those loations in the upper region, but there were significant location effects on the measurements of the concentrations of radionuclides taken at the middle and lower regions of the river. This may be attributed to the fact that more human activities are going on in the middle and lower regions compared with the upper region. Although these radionuclides correlated with some other parameters that were studied.
4. The estimated radiological impact assessment indices are lower than the recommended values, hence suggesting that no potential radiological health hazard
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could be associated with the use of the sediments. The sediments from Ogun river are safe and can be used for construction of buildings without causing any radiological problems to the inhabitants. The estimated values in this work can serve as baseline values for the area for future reference and epidemological studies of the river.
5. Cluster analysis was carried out on the concentrations of the radionuclides to identify and classify groups with similar characters in a new group of observations. Igaun, Iro and Ekerin were observed to exist as unique locations considering the concentrations of 40K, 232Th and 226Ra respectively.
6. Sedimentological studies have been used to reveal the provenance of the sediment samples. Textural studies indicated sediments of fine to medium grained and poorly to moderately sorted range that is texturally immature to sub-mature. Most of the samples indicated mafic feature that is (relating to rocks that are high in magnesium and iron mineral), quartzose sedimentary and intermediate provenance. It also showed that the major contributing source rock of the sediments are rich in silicate minerals, which include quartz, feldspar and mica group. The sediments are chemically mature and therefore could act as a good reservoir for oil and gas accumulation.
7. Heavy mineral assemblages indicate the presence of opaque and non –opaque minerals. The non-opaque minerals include zircon, tourmaline, rutile and staurolite.
These mineral signature suggest high maturity and showed that the sediments are of igneous and metamorphic provenance. Hence, the most probable sources of these sediments are the Cameroun (Highland) basement complex and the Oban Massif.
Petrographical studies showed that the mineral composition of the sediments is mainly of quartz, feldspar and rock fragments. Other components are flakes of mica, matrix and cement. Rock fragments are observed to have exceeded the proportion of feldspar which indicates that the sediments are immature to mature.
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155 6.8: Recommendation For Further Studies
The distribution of radionuclides in the sediments along Ogun river course could be monitored by a group or body of researchers funded by a particular organization who could choose particular points along the course where daily or probably monthly monitoring could be done round the year for a length of five years to see if there could be significant variations in the distributions coupled with the hazards as time pass by.
In addition, the transport mechanism due to Th/U ratio should be studied, so as to investigate whether Th/U ratio is rate dependent. i.e if the Th/U ratios against distances along the river course is studied, could their slopes be constant? ( M,
x y
where y =Th/U, and
x = distance).
Finally, chronometry dating of the sediments using U/Th ratios should be studied.
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