The section shows the demographic features of the representative samples surveyed which include gender, age, educational qualification, occupational status, house monthly income, religion and tribe.
Table 6.7: Descriptive Statistics
VARIABLES
FREQUENCIES (PERCENT) High
Residential Density Areas
Medium Residential Density Areas
Low Residential Density Areas
Total
Gender
Male 1800 (81.2) 1975 (81.2) 1106(81.9) 4880(81.3)
Female 417 (18.8) 458 (18.8) 245 (18.1) 1120 (18.7)
Total 2217 (100) 2433 (100) 1350 (100) 6000(100)
Age
15-65 2163 (97.6) 2345 (96.4) 1308 (96.8) 5815 (96.9)
Above 65 54 (2.4) 88 (3.6) 43 (3.2) 185 (3.1)
Total 2217 (100) 2433 (100) 1350 (100) 6000 (100)
Marital Status
Single 512(23.1) 459(18.9) 123(9.1) 1094(18.2)
Married 1312(59.2) 1705(70.1) 1072(79.4) 4089(68.2)
Others 393(17.7) 269(11.0) 155(11.5) 817(13.6)
Total 2217(100) 2433(100) 1350(100) 6000(100)
Educational Qualification
None 183 (8.3) 160 (6.6) 174 (12.9) 517 (8.6)
Primary 375 (16.9) 298 (12.2) 285 (21.1) 958 (16.0)
Secondary 1041 (47.0) 1078 (44.3) 654 (48.4) 2773 (46.2)
Tertiary 478 (21.6) 778 (32.0) 180 (13.3) 1436 (23.9)
Vocational / Technical 132 (6.0) 105 (4.3) 54 (4.0) 291 (4.8)
Others 8 (0.4) 14 (0.6) 4 (0.3) 26 (0.4)
Total 2217 (100) 2433 (100) 1350 (100) 6000 (100)
Occupational Status
Unemployed 98(4.4) 141(5.8) 69(5.1) 308(5.1)
Public 632(28.5) 755(31.0) 283(20.9) 1670(27.8)
Private 137(6.2) 137(5.6) 110(8.1) 384(6.4)
Self-employed 1290(58.2) 1293(53.1) 830(61.4) 3413(56.9)
Student/apprenticement 41(1.8) 76(3.1) 30(2.2) 147(2.4)
Others 19(0.9) 31(1.3) 29(2.1) 79(1.3)
Total 2217(100) 2433(100) 1350(100) 6000(100)
Household Monthly Income
Up to N10,000 417(21.6) 378(17.3) 469(36.9) 1264(23.5)
N10,001-N20,000 683(35.3) 666(30.5) 444(35.0) 1793(33.3)
N20,001-N30,000 392(20.3) 408(18.7) 178(14.0) 978(18.2)
N30,001-N40,000 178(9.2) 217(9.9) 89(7.0) 484(9.0)
134
N40,001-N50,000 129(6.7) 186(8.5) 57(4.5) 372(6.9)
Above N50,000 136(7.0) 328(15.0) 33(2.6) 497(9.2)
Total 1935(100) 2183(100) 1270(100) 5388(100)
Tribe
Yoruba 1517(75.2) 1514(72.1) 1035(83.1) 4066(75.8)
Hausa 41(2.0) 9(0.4) 7(0.6) 57(1.0)
Ibo 460(22.8) 578 (27.5) 204(16.4) 1242(23.2)
Total 2018 (100) 2101(100) 1246(100) 5365(100)
Household size category
1-2 280(12.6) 294(12.1) 197(14.6) 771(12.8)
3-4 547(24.7) 622(25.6) 380(28.1) 1549(25.8)
5-6 926(41.8) 1024(42.1) 572(42.3) 2522(42.0)
7-8 402(18.1) 390 (16.0) 166(12.3) 958(16.0)
9-10 48(2.2) 78(3.2) 128(2.1) 154(2.6)
10 + 14(0.6) 25(1.0) 8(0.6) 47(0.8)
Total 2217(100) 2433(100) 1350(100) 6000(100)
Source: Computed
From Table 6.7, it is observed that males dominate our representatives sample size and this cut across all the residential density areas. That is, over 80 percent of each of the residential density areas is male dominated. For example, 1800(81.2%) of the respondents of high residential density area are males which means by implication, the household sampled are headed by males. The same arguments are true for medium and low residential density areas.
It can therefore be inferred that most of the houses in Lagos are headed by males. Majority of these male headed households are within the age bracket 15 to 65 which are those that are still in the category of economically productive segment of the population. This is common to all residential density areas as can be observed on Table 6.7. The implication of this on the economy of Lagos state is that more actively productive segment of the population has more to contribute to economic growth than if the population were to be dominated by elderly or aging households.
The proportion of married persons is highest in the distribution. For instance, 68.2%
of the sample respondents are married while the single accounts for just only 18.2%. Those who fall under ‗other category‘ were just about 13.6%. At a residential area level, the proportion of married people in low have the highest percentage, followed by medium with 70.1%, and the least goes to the high density. High residential density area has the highest number of single persons, directly followed by medium with 18.9%. On the row three of the Table where educational qualifications of the respondents are presented, it is observed that secondary school certificate holders of 1041 (47%) constituted majority of the respondents,
135
followed by those with tertiary education of about 21.6%. in fact over 65% of the sample are well educated. Less than 10% of the respondents had neither formal nor informal education.
The percentage of the secondary school leavers in the medium residential density area are more than any other form of education attainment except that the percentage of the tertiary education is more than that of high residential density area. The situation in the case of low residential density area is also similar to those of high and medium residential density areas except for the fact that those with primary school education are much more than those with tertiary education. Even percentage of those with non education in low residential density area is more than that of high and medium residential density areas respectively. Taking the full sample, it is clearly evident that the bulk of the respondents are constituted by secondary school certificate holders. Next to it, are those with tertiary education which are 1436, while those with primary and non education are 958 and 517 respectively.
It is interesting to note that majority of the respondents are self-employed and public servants as can be observed from the Table. The percentage of self-employed people is more in low residential density areas than any other residential area. They are 1290(58.2%), 1293(53.1) and 830(61.4%) in high, medium and low residential density areas respectively.
The number and percentage of public servants are more in the medium residential density area than any of the residential areas. The results of having more self-employed people dominate all the residential density areas could be justified considering the predominance of secondary school leavers among the representative samples. This is even more so in our environment where secondary school certificates have turned to mere paper with little or no value attached. Thus, getting white-collar jobs with such certificates is difficult. The number of private salaried workers is more in low residential density areas with 8.1% whereas those in high and medium are 6.2% and 5.6% respectively. The percentage of those that are students/ apprentice is highest in medium residential area. The unemployment situation is one of the problems compounding housing matter in Lagos State but the problem of unemployed persons seems to be more prevalent in the medium residential density area with 5.8% while that of high and low residential areas are 4.4% and 5.1% respectively.
An important socio-demographic variable in the analysis of household choice decision-making has to do with monthly income earned. From Table 6.7, we observed that majority of the representative sample average monthly income fall within the neighbourhood of N10,000 and N20,000. This mean income cuts across the residential density areas. Those that earn above N50,000 are in majority in the medium residential density area. For example, 328(15%) are in medium, 136(7.0%) and 33 (2.6%) are in high and low residential density
136
areas respectively. Those people that are earning up to N10,000 are mainly in low residential density areas as can be seen on the Table where they constitute about 36.9%, in fact their percentage is over 70% if added to those within the income bracket of between N10,001 to N20,000. The same arguments held for those in high and medium except that the percentages are 56.9% and 47.8% respectively. This outcome is not unconnected to the predominance of self-employed and public servants among the representative samples. This is because salary scale of public workers are nothing to be compared to that of private salaried workers e.g like those in the banking sector, petroleum and other well-paid private salaried jobs. The same is also true of self-employed workers whose earnings are irregular depending on the nature and type of employment engaged in and frequencies of sales recorded per transaction.
Another prominent feature of the respondents in this residential area is their tribal-ethnic attachments. The major tribe which dominates the residential areas is Yoruba. Well over 70% of the representative samples are Yorubas while the remaining percentage is shared by both Hausas and Ibos. Out of this remaining 30%, a larger percentage is taken by Ibos as can be observed from the Table. For instance, Ibos are 22.8%, 27.5% and 16.4% in high, medium and low residential density areas of Lagos state. Hausas are more in high residential density area with 2.0% whereas their percentages are 0.4% and 0.6% in medium and low residential density areas. Ibos also are more prevalent in the medium residential density area than other residential areas. This is not unexpected considering the fact that Lagos is one of the Yoruba speaking states in Nigeria inspite of its status as being a former state capital and having outlook that is cosmopolitan in nature.
The distribution of the household size category appears not to be different from one residential density area to another because we observed that household size of between 5 to 6 has the highest percentage in all the residential density areas. This is directly followed by household size of 3 to 4. The household size of 1 to 2 appears to be highest in terms of percentage in low residential density area with 14.6% whereas that of high and medium are 12.6% and 12.1% respectively. The household size of 7 to 8 are in majority in high residential density area at least in terms of percentage of about 18.1% while that of medium and low are 16.0% and 12.3% respectively. The household size of 10 and above appears to be prominent in the medium residential neighbourhood with 1.05% while that of high and low have the percentage of 0.6% each.
By and large, what can be deduced from the result is that there seems to be no significant difference in the category of household size from one residential density area to
137
another. By implication, the results shed more light to the fact that Lagos state is overpopulated in respect of the residential density areas under consideration.
Table 6.8: Income of the respondents (Descriptive Statistics)
Density Areas Mean Standard Deviation
Low 20,681.91 21,815.89
Medium 36,063.86 55,041.39
High 26,235.80 35,335.03
Total 28,979.71 42,795.32
Source: Computed
Table 6.8 shows that the average monthly income for low residential density area dwellers was N20,681.91 while that of high and medium were N26,235.80 and N36,063.86 respectively. Both medium and high residential density areas are accompanied with high levels of dispersion as indicated by the value of N55,041.39 and N35,335.03. These results corroborate our earlier results when the household incomes were disaggregated in table.
above. This in effect means monthly income of those in the medium residential area is highest when compared with other residential areas.
Table. 6.9: Rent paid by the respondents (Descriptive Statistics)
Density Areas Mean Standard Deviation
Low 1209.31 1582.76
Medium 3786.44 7025.11
High 2201.48 4280.61
Total 2632.12 5334.34
Source: Computed
Similar results were also observed in terms of the payment of house rents. The average rent payment in low, medium and high residential density areas are N1209.31, N3786.44 and N2201.48 respectively. By implication, what people paid for house rents are highest in medium than any other residential density area.
138
6.4 ANALYSIS OF HEDONIC RESULT