Sociodemographic and Work-related factors associated with Bullying/Mobbing The youngest age group was the highest recipient of Bullying and this form of workplace violence

reduced as the age increased. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.155).

The Pharmacists (22.2%) were the worst affected professional group followed by the Physicians (18.2%) while the Technical staff were the least affected (7.1%) but these observations did not make any significant difference to experience of Bullying (p=0.376). Other sociodemographic factors didn’t have any significant association too (Table 12).

Work setting made a significant difference to the experience of Bullying (p=0.002). Health workers in psychiatry (41.2%) and medical specialties (19.4%) were being bullied more than others. Workers with lesser years of work experience were the most bullied and this incident decreased as the year of experience increased. This observation was statistically significant (p=0.014). Similarly, level of worry to workplace violence had a significant association with bullying (p=0.036). Incidents of bullying increased as the number of co-workers increased but this was not statistically significant (p=0.132). Other work-related factors were not also significantly associated (Table 12)

70

Table 12: Sociodemographic factors associated with Bullying/Mobbing

Bullying/Mobbing Statistics

Variable Yes (n=48) No (n=313) χ² Df P value

n (%) n (%)

Age

21-30 16 (17.2) 77 (82.8) 3.728 2 0.155

31-40 26 (13.9) 161 (86.1)

>40 6 (7.4) 75 (92.6)

Gender

Male 22 (14.9) 126 (85.1) 0.535 1 0.464

Female 26 (12.2) 187 (87.8)

Marital status

Single 16 (16.3) 82 (83.7) 2.828 2 0.243

Married 32 (12.8) 218 (87.2)

Others 0 (0.0) 13 (100.0)

Professional group

Nurse 21 (10.6) 178 (89.4) 4.991 0.376**

Physician 18 (18.2) 81 (81.8)

Support staff 4 (16.7) 20 (83.3)

Profession allied to medicine 2 (12.5) 14 (87.5)

Technical staff 1 (7.1) 13 (92.9)

Pharmacist 2 (22.2) 7 (77.8)

Work setting

Surgery and surgical specialties 11 (7.5) 136 (92.5) 18.888 0.002**

Medical specialties 21 (19.4) 87 (80.6)

Technical services 2 (7.4) 25 (92.6)

Emergency 2 (8.3) 22 (91.7)

Support services 4 (19.0) 17 (81.0)

Psychiatry 7 (41.2) 10 (58.8)

Intensive care 1 (5.9) 16 (94.1)

Work experience (in years)

1-5 25 (18.2) 112 (81.8) 8.555 2 0.014

6-10 17 (14.5) 100 (85.5)

> 10 6 (5.6) 101 (94.4)

Shift work employment

Yes 26 (11.8) 195 (88.2) 1.160 1 0.282

No 22 (15.7) 118 (84.3)

Number of staff respondents work with?

0-5 42 (12.9) 283 (87.1) 3.782 0.132**

6-10 3 (10.7) 25 (89.3)

> 10 3 (37.5) 5 (62.5)

Previous workplace violence training

Yes 6 (16.7) 30 (83.3) 0.136 1 0.712*

No 42 (12.9) 283 (87.1)

Level of worry

Not worried 31 (10.9) 253 (89.1) 6.664 2 0.036

Neutral 10 (23.3) 33 (76.7)

Worried 7 (20.6) 27 (79.4)

*Yates correction applied **Fisher’s exact test

71 5.6.5 Factors associated with Sexual Harassment

The incidents of sexual harassment were observed to be more common among health workers who were single (9.2%) compared to married ones (1.2%) and this was statistically significant (p=0.002). Although, sexual harassment appeared to be more common among the female health workers. This observation was not statistically significant (p=0.397). The age (p=0.105) and professional group (p=0.495) were not significantly associated (Table 13).

Among the work-related variables, only the years of work experience had a significant association with sexual harassment (p=0.002) and the incidents were observed to reduce as duration increased. The work setting (p=0.548), shift work employment (p=0.999), number of co-staff (p=0.703), previous workplace violence training (p=0.202) and level of worry (p=0.199) did not have any significant association with sexual harassment (Table 13).

72

Table 13: Sociodemographic and Work-related factors associated with Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment Statistics

Variable Yes (n=12) No (n=349) χ² df P value

n (%) n (%)

Age

21-30 5 (5.4) 88 (94.6) 4.429 0.105**

31-40 7 (3.7) 180 (96.3)

>40 0 (0.0) 81 (100.0)

Gender

Male 3 (2.0) 145 (98.0) 0.718 1 0.397*

Female 9 (4.2) 204 (95.8)

Marital status

Single 9 (9.2) 89 (90.8) 11.716 0.002**

Married 3 (1.2) 247 (98.8)

Others 0 (0.0) 13 (100.0)

Professional group

Nurse 5 (2.5) 194 (97.5) 3.533 0.495**

Physician 5 (5.1) 94 (94.9)

Support staff 2 (8.3) 22 (91.7)

Profession allied to medicine 0 (0.0) 16 (100.0)

Technical staff 0 (0.0) 14 (100.0)

Pharmacist 0 (0.0) 9 (100.0)

Work setting

Surgery and surgical specialties 5 (3.4) 142 (96.6) 4.022 0.548**

Medical specialties 3 (2.8) 105 (97.2)

Technical services 1 (3.7) 26 (96.3)

Emergency 0 (0.0) 24 (100.0)

Support services 2 (9.5) 19 (90.5)

Psychiatry 1 (5.9) 16 (94.1)

Intensive care 0 (0.0) 17 (100.0)

Work experience (in years)

1-5 10 (7.3) 127 (92.7) 10.559 0.002**

6-10 2 (1.7) 115 (98.3)

> 10 0 (0.0) 107 (100.0)

Shift work employment

Yes 7 (3.2) 214 (96.8) 0.000 1 0.999*

No 5 (3.6) 135 (96.4)

Number of staff respondents work with?

0-5 12 (3.7) 313 (96.3) 0.456 0.703**

6-10 0 (0.0) 28 (100.0)

> 10 0 (0.0) 8 (100.0)

Previous workplace violence training

Yes 3 (8.3) 33 (91.7) 1.631 1 0.202*

No 9 (2.8) 316 (97.2)

Level of worry

Not worried 9 (3.2) 275 (96.8) 2.478 0.199**

Neutral 3 (7.0) 40 (93.0)

Worried 0 (0.0) 34 (100.0)

* Yates correction applied **Fisher’s exact test

73 5.7 Factors associated with Mental Disorders

The frequency of mental disorders reduced as age of respondents increased (Table 14). However, the respondents’ age did not have a statistically significant association with mental disorders (p=0.076). The respondents’ gender (p=0.936), marital status (p=0.103) and professional group (p=0.610) did not also have a statistically significant association.

Among the work-related variables, the work setting (p=0.019), the number of staff member the respondents work with (p=0.013) and the level of worry to workplace violence (p=0.023) had statistically significant association with mental disorders (Table 14). Respondents working in psychiatric setting and emergency unit had increased frequency of mental disorders. Similarly, the presence of mental disorders appeared to be reduced among those with less than 6 staff members assisting them. Health workers who expressed worry about workplace violence also had increased frequency of mental disorders.

74

Table 14: Sociodemographic factors associated with Mental Disorders

Mental disorders Statistics

Variable Yes (n=15) No (n=347) χ² Df P value

n (%) n (%)

Age

21-30 7 (7.5) 86 (92.5) 4.759 0.076**

31-40 4 (2.1) 183 (97.9)

>40 4 (4.9) 77 (95.1)

Gender

Male 6 (4.1) 142 (95.9) 0.006 1 0.936

Female 9 (4.2) 204 (95.8)

Marital status

Single 7 (7.1) 91 (92.9) 4.355 0.103**

Married 7 (2.8) 243 (97.2)

Others 1 (7.7) 12 (92.3)

Professional group

Nurse 9 (4.5) 190 (95.5) 2.888 0.610**

Physician 3 (3.0) 96 (97.0)

Support staff 1 (4.2) 23 (95.8)

Profession allied to medicine 1 (6.2) 15 (93.8)

Technical staff 0 (0.0) 14 (100.0)

Pharmacist 1 (11.1) 8 (88.9)

Work setting

Surgery and surgical specialties 6 (4.1) 141 (95.9) 12.787 0.019**

Medical specialties 1 (0.9) 107 (99.1)

Technical services 1 (3.7) 26 (96.3)

Emergency 3 (12.5) 21 (87.5)

Support services 1 (4.8) 20 (95.2)

Psychiatry 3 (17.6) 14 (82.4)

Intensive care 0 (0.0) 17 (100.0)

Work experience (in years)

1-5 8 (5.8) 129 (94.2) 1.638 0.426**

6-10 3 (2.6) 114 (97.4)

> 10 4 (3.7) 103 (96.3)

Shift work employment

Yes 10 (4.5) 211 (95.5) 0.196 1 0.658

No 5 (3.6) 135 (96.4)

Number of staff respondents work with?

0-5 10 (3.1) 315 (96.9) 8.541 0.013**

6-10 4 (14.3) 24 (85.7)

> 10 1 (12.5) 7 (87.5)

Previous workplace violence training

Yes 1 (2.8) 35 (97.2) 0.000 1 0.999*

No 14 (4.3) 311 (95.7)

Level of worry

Not worried 8 (2.8) 276 (97.2) 6.695 0.023**

Neutral 3 (7.0) 40 (93.0)

Worried 4 (11.8) 30 (88.2)

* Yates correction applied **Fisher’s exact test

75 5.8 Predictors of Workplace Violence and its forms 5.8.1 Predictors of Workplace Violence

Table 15 shows the predictors of workplace violence. The binary regression model included those sociodemographic and work-related variables with p value of <0.05. These included age, gender, work setting, previous workplace violence training, level of worry due to the experience of workplace violence and mental disorders. The model accounts for 20.0% and 27.1% variability in exposure to workplace violence (p <0.001).

The result shows that health workers >40 years of age are about 2 times less likely to experience workplace violence compared with those between 21-30 years (AOR- 0.418, p=0.019, 95%CI=

0.202-0.864) while female workers are about 2 times more likely to experience workplace violence compared with male workers (AOR-1.654, p=0.047, 95% CI= 1.007-2.716). Concerning the work setting, respondents in psychiatry are about 4 times more likely to experience workplace violence compared with respondents in medical specialties but this observation was not statistically significant (AOR-3.667, p=0.091, 95%CI=0.814-16.525).

Compared with respondents who indicated they are not worried about experience of violence at their workplace, those that indicated they are neutral are about 2 times more likely to experience workplace violence (AOR-2.445, p=0.018, 95%CI=1.166-5.128) while those that are worried are about 12 times more likely (AOR-11.615, p<0.001, 95%CI=3.826-35.260).

Furthermore, the presence of mental disorders is associated with 5 times odd of workplace violence compared to the absence of mental disorders among the workers (AOR-5.270, p=0.022, 95%CI=1.269-21.882).

76 Table 15: Predictors of Workplace Violence

Variable B AOR P value 95% CI

Age

21-30 Reference

31-40 -0.450 0.638 0.124 0.360-1.132

>40 -0.872 0.418 0.019 0.202-0.864

Gender

Male Reference

Female 0.503 1.654 0.047 1.007-2.716

Work setting

Medical specialties Reference

Surgery and surgical specialties -0.392 0.676 0.173 0.385-1.188

Psychiatry 1.299 3.667 0.091 0.814-16.525

Emergency 0.154 1.166 0.767 0.421-3.233

Intensive care -0.096 0.909 0.872 0.283-2.917

Technical services -1.026 0.358 0.062 0.122-1.051

Support services 0.354 1.425 0.493 0.518-3.914

Previous workplace violence training

No Reference

Yes 0.750 2.117 0.070 0.941-4.763

Level of worry

Not worried Reference

Neutral 0.894 2.445 0.018 1.166-5.128

Worried 2.452 11.615 <0.001 3.826-35.260

Mental disorders

No Reference

Yes 1.662 5.270 0.022 1.269-21.882

Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficient (df) χ² = 80.757 (13) p<0.001

Cox & Snell R² 0.200

Nagelkerke R² 0.271

B: β coefficient AOR: Adjusted odds ratio 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval df: degree of freedom

77 5.8.2 Predictors of Physical Violence

Table 16 shows the predictors of physical form of workplace violence. The binary regression model included those work-related variables with p value of <0.05. These included work-setting, shift work employment, previous workplace violence training and level of worry to workplace violence. None of the sociodemographic factors met this criterion. The model accounts for 17.3%

and 35.7% variability in exposure to physical violence (p <0.001).

Regarding the work setting, health professionals who spend most of their time working in psychiatry are 14 times more likely to experience physical violence compared with those in medical specialties (AOR: 13.810, p<0.001, 95%CI: 3.355-56.854) while working in emergency units increases this odd by about 6 (AOR: 5.665, p=0.007, 95%CI: 1.617-19.848).

Similarly, previous workplace training increases the odds of physical violence by about 5 (AOR:

5.345, p=0.001, 95%CI: 1.996-14.534) while respondents that expressed worry about workplace violence are 4 times more likely to experience physical violence than those that are not worried (AOR: 4.105, p=0.010, 95%CI-1.401-12.028).

78 Table 16: Predictors of Physical Violence

Variable B AOR P value 95%CI

Work setting

Medical specialties Reference

Surgery and surgical specialties -0.486 0.615 0.430 0.184-2.056

Psychiatry 2.625 13.810 <0.001 3.355-56.854

Emergency 1.734 5.665 0.007 1.617-19.848

Intensive care 0.129 1.138 0.909 0.124-10.422

Technical services 0.539 1.715 0.533 0.315-9.345

Support services 1.089 2.972 0.127 0.734-12.037

Shift work employment

No Reference

Yes 0.636 1.889 0.184 0.740-4.822

Previous workplace violence training

No Reference

Yes 1.676 5.345 0.001 1.966-14.534

Level of worry

Not worried Reference

Neutral 0.576 1.779 0.305 0.591-5.355

Worried 1.412 4.105 0.010 1.401-12.028

Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficient (df) χ² = 68.367(10) p<0.001

Cox & Snell R² 0.173

Nagelkerke R² 0.357

B: β coefficient AOR: Adjusted odds ratio 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval df: degree of freedom

79 5.8.3 Predictors of Verbal Abuse

Table 17 shows the predictors of verbal abuse. The binary regression model included those work-related variables with p value of <0.05. These included gender, work-setting, previous workplace violence training, level of worry due to workplace violence and mental disorders. The model accounts for 18.1% and 25.4% variability in exposure to verbal abuse (p <0.001).

It shows that being a female health worker increases the odds of verbal abuse by about 2 (AOR:

2.026, p=0.009, 95%CI: 1.192-3.444)). Also, compared with respondents who indicated they are not worried about experience of violence at their workplace, those that indicated they are neutral are about 3 times more likely to experience workplace violence (AOR-2.893, p=0.003, 95%CI=1.429-4.857) while those that are worried are about 13 times more likely (AOR-12.691, p<0.001, 95%CI=4.842-33.261).

80 Table 17: Predictors of Verbal Abuse

Variable B AOR P value 95% CI

Gender

Male Reference

Female 0.706 2.026 0.009 1.192-3.444

Work setting

Medical specialties Reference

Surgery and surgical specialties -0.491 0.612 0.109 0.336-1.116

Psychiatry -0.074 0.928 0.913 0.243-3.546

Emergency 0.406 1.500 0.440 0.536-4.196

Intensive care 0.222 1.249 0.706 0.394-3.961

Technical services -0.517 0.596 0.338 0.207-1.717

Support services 0.378 1.459 0.473 0.520-4.098

Previous workplace violence training

No Reference

Yes 0.720 2.054 0.073 0.936-4.509

Level of worry

Not worried Reference

Neutral 1.062 2.893 0.003 1.429-5.857

Worried 2.541 12.691 <0.001 4.842-33.261

Mental Disorders

No Reference

Yes 1.050 2.858 0.104 0.805-10.148

Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficient (df) χ² = 72.251 (11) p<0.001

Cox & Snell R² 0.181

Nagelkerke R² 0.254

B: β coefficient AOR: Adjusted odds ratio 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval df: degree of freedom

81 5.8.4 Predictors of Bullying/Mobbing

Table 18 shows the predictors of Bullying. The binary regression model included those work-related variables with p value of <0.05. These included work-setting, years of work experience and level of worry due to workplace violence. None of the sociodemographic factors met this criterion (i.e. p <0.05). The model accounts for 8.7% and 16.0% variability in exposure to bullying/mobbing (p=<0.001).

Respondents working in surgery and surgical specialties are about 3 times less likely to be bullied or mobbed than those in medical specialties (AOR: 0.342, p=0.008, 95%CI: 0.115-0.756) while respondents with more than 10 years’ work experience are about 4 times less likely to be bullied when compared to those with less than 6 years’ work experience (AOR: 0.238, p=0.005, 95%CI:

0.087-0.654).

82 Table 18: Predictors of Bullying/Mobbing

Variable B AOR P value 95%CI

Work setting

Medical specialties Reference

Surgery and surgical specialties -1.073 0.342 0.008 0.155-0.756

Psychiatry 1.141 3.130 0.066 0.929-10.544

Emergency -1.164 0.312 0.147 0.065-1.507

Intensive care -1.261 0.283 0.243 0.034-2.351

Technical services -1.193 0.303 0.131 0.065-1.427

Support services -0.178 0.837 0.778 0.243-2.879

Work experience (in years)

1-5 Reference

6-10 -0.184 0.832 0.618 0.403-1.716

> 10 -1.436 0.238 0.005 0.087-0.654

Level of worry

Not worried Reference

Neutral 0.635 1.888 0.160 0.778-4.579

Worried 0.490 1.633 0.337 0.599-4.449

Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficient (df) χ² = 32.831 (1) p<0.001

Cox & Snell R² 0.087

Nagelkerke R² 0.160

B: β coefficient AOR: Adjusted odds ratio 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval df: degree of freedom

83 5.8.5 Predictors of Sexual Harassment

Table 19 shows the predictors of Sexual harassment. The binary regression model included those sociodemographic and work-related variables with p value of <0.05. These included the marital status and years of work experience.

The result shows that none of the factors in the model can independently predict sexual harassment in the workplace.

84 Table 19: Predictors of Sexual Harassment

Variable B AOR P value 95% CI

Marital status

Single Reference

Married -1.358 0.258 0.059 0.063-1.055

Others -17.091 0.000 0.999 0.000

Work experience (in years)

1-5 Reference

6-10 -0.988 0.372 0.236 0.073-1.906

> 10 -17.727 0.000 0.996 0.000

Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficient (df)

χ² =17.891 (4) p=0.001

Cox & Snell R² 0.048

Nagelkerke R² 0.191

B: β coefficient AOR: Adjusted odds ratio 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval df: degree of freedom

85 5.9 Predictors of Mental Disorders

Table 20 shows the predictors of mental disorders. The binary regression model included those work-related variables with p value of <0.05. These included work-setting, number of co-workers respondents have, level of worry due to workplace violence, verbal abuse and workplace violence.

None of the sociodemographic variables met the criterion. The model accounts for 7.1% and 24.3% variability in presence of mental disorders (p= 0.009).

The respondents working in emergency work setting are about 13 times more likely than those working in medical specialties (AOR: 12.661, p=0.039, 95%CI-1.135-141.174). Working with 6-10 people increases the odds of having mental disorders by about 5 compared with working with less than 6 people (AOR: 5.340, p=0.017, 95%CI: 1.357-21.016). Similarly, exposure to workplace violence increases the odds of mental illness by about 8 times (AOR: 7.973, p=0.028, 95% CI:1.246-50.998).

86 Table 20: Predictors of Mental Disorders

Variable B AOR P value 95% CI

Work setting

Medical specialties Reference

Surgery and surgical specialties 1.822 6.184 0.101 0.700-54.650

Psychiatry 2.245 9.441 0.077 0.786-113.431

Emergency 2.539 12.661 0.039 1.135-141.174

Intensive care -16.395 0.000 0.999 0.000

Technical services 2.073 7.945 0.163 0.433-145.742

Support services 1.364 3.913 0.362 0.208-73.656

Number of staff respondents work with

0-5 Reference

6-10 1.675 5.340 0.017 1.357-21.016

> 10 1.268 3.554 0.371 0.221-57.177

Level of worry

Not worried Reference

Neutral 0.371 1.449 0.642 0.304-6.912

Worried 0.444 1.559 0.587 0.315-7.717

Verbal abuse

No Reference

Yes -0.442 0.643 0.582 0.134-3.096

Workplace violence

No Reference

Yes 2.076 7.973 0.028 1.246-50.998

Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficient (df) χ² = 26.634 (12) p=0.009

Cox & Snell R² 0.071

Nagelkerke R² 0.243

B: β coefficient AOR: Adjusted odds ratio 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval df: degree of freedom

87 5.10 Test of Hypotheses

In document Physical Violence (Page 85-103)