TABLE 6. MULTINATIONAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES (cont.) Category
Phase IPhase IIPhase IIIPhase IVPhase V ConceptualPreparation
Initiating MN-RDO
ImplementationImplementation National levelMultinational levelBefore site selectionAfter site selection Feasibility studies—Feasibility studies by ad hoc working group
—Define potential multinational implementation scenarios
—Define potential benefits and challenges
—Define incentives for pursuing multinational approach
—Define key issues to be resolved
—Outline possible implementation strategy
Check compatibility of all feasibility studies with national policies, plans and requirements Studies demonstrating capabilities to design repositories for dif
ferent geologies and to analyse safety
Policy (Political level)
A national policy is in place Multinational option is not excluded
Government decision to consider a multinational repository as one of the
options
Government to decide to pursue multinational
option
Finalize and publicize the policy of the MN-RDO Ensure that national policies remain in alignment with the
multinational approach in a dual track policy
TABLE 6. MULTINATIONAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES (cont.) Category
Phase IPhase IIPhase IIIPhase IVPhase V ConceptualPreparation
Initiating MN-RDO
ImplementationImplementation National levelMultinational levelBefore site selectionAfter site selection StrategyA national strategy is in place Multinational option is not excluded
—Define current and future waste management requirements at national level
—Review and revise if necessary
—Establish links with potential partners internationally
—Agree a basic multinational implementation strategy including a multinational siting concept
Finalize and publicize strategy at national and multinational level
Ensure that national
strategies stay aligned with the multinational approach in a dual track strategy Organizational An ad hoc group can structuresinitiate these conceptual studies
Establish a national evaluation team—
Establish a multinational
WG to
assess multinational project
—Establish links to international community
Establish MN-RDO—
MN-RDO to perform siting work
—When site is chosen, finalize appropriate form of the MN-RO Establish MN-RO for licensing, facility construction and
operation Institutional—Assess institutional framework for national waste management
—Assess compliance with international obligations: treaties, conventions Prepare proposals for compatibility of
regulation and legislation to multinational approach
—Ensure harmonization and compatibility of institutional aspects
—Determine the role of international institutions in the multinational project
—Develop a mechanism for sharing liabilities
—Agree oversight bodies for safety and security
—Establish bi/multilateral arrangements
—Establish contractual responsibilities and obligations Obtain licence authorization
TABLE 6. MULTINATIONAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES (cont.) Category
Phase IPhase IIPhase IIIPhase IVPhase V ConceptualPreparation
Initiating MN-RDO ImplementationImplementation National levelMultinational levelBefore site selectionAfter site selection
Legislation/ Regulation
Assess and define necessary legal and regulatory framework for national waste management
Prepare proposals for compatibility of legislation and regulation with multinational system Harmonize national legislation and regulation for multinational compatibility Check specific legislation in the chosen host country
Economic and financial Assess economic and financial implications of multinational approach
—Estimate costs
—Allocate costs
—Establish financing mechanisms
—Develop benefits packages for potential hosts Negotiate and agree final benefits package for host
Agree financial terms on which new users may be
accepted Technical
Assess potential safety , security and environmental benefits of multinational option Assess the technical requirements and capabilities at the national level Assess R&D requirements
—Develop alternative conceptual repository designs
—Allow flexibility in designs for adaptation to dif
ferent waste types
and volumes
—Utilize available R&D Social
Assess likely sociopolitical implications
—Develop public involvement strategy
—Articulate benefits for host country
—Adopt a volunteer siting approach
—Employ communication teams including representatives of MN-RDO and of the relevant
national WMO
TABLE 6. MULTINATIONAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES (cont.) Category
Phase IPhase IIPhase IIIPhase IVPhase V ConceptualPreparation
Initiating MN-RDO
ImplementationImplementation National levelMultinational levelBefore site selectionAfter site selection Project Activities: Project management
Agree project implementation principles
—Agree project management requirements, strategy and plan
—Establish project management team
—Provide resources for project execution
SitingAgree siting concept: conceptual design, siting procedure principles and public involvement Agree and publicize a detailed siting strategy
—Adopt a volunteering siting approach
—Siting process: four stages
—Allow for several sites in one country
—Harmonize site evaluation and selection criteria
—Select and confirm a final site
FacilitiesThe MN-RDO will
need to be domiciled in a participating country and will need a certain
infrastructure
—Construct repository facilities,
—Commission and operate facilities
—Close repository
Appendix IV
SUMMARY OF THE MAIN ISSUES INVOLVED IN IMPLEMENTING NATIONAL OR MULTINATIONAL REPOSITORIES
Primarily for the benefit for policy and decision makers not involved on a day to day basis with the issues involved in implementing repositories, Table 7 attempts to pose and answer the key questions that may arise during the implementation of national or multinational repositories.
TABLE 7. MAIN QUESTIONS THAT MAY ARISE DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL OR MULTINATIONAL REPOSITORIES (cont.)
Questions Answers
What is the challenge? The difficulty is to ensure that highly active long lived radioactive waste remains in a safe condition in the long term (over thousands of years).
Protection of human health and the environment is required on a continual basis.
What is the solution? The only long term solution is permanent isolation of the waste in a deep geological repository.
Long lived waste can be temporarily stored, but ultimately it needs to be disposed of in a geological repository.
What is a deep geological repository? A deep geological repository is a facility that is constructed a few hundred metres underground in which the waste is permanently disposed of.
How does one construct such a
repository? There are a number of steps in the process of constructing a geological repository. The main steps are:
— Find a geological host rock situated deep underground that is suitable for the construction of the repository
— Provide access shafts down to the host rock to be able to construct an underground system of corridors and cavities for the disposal of the waste packages
— Prepare the waste packages above ground, move the packages into the repository and secure them in fixed positions provided for this purpose
— Backfill the repository at the end of its operating life to the extent necessary to allow for retrievability of the waste
— Carry out a post-closure safety assessment on the repository, and if successful, declare it to be safe for long term institutional control
How does one go about the task? There are two options:
Option 1: Each country builds its own deep geological repository for its exclusive use, i.e. a national repository.
Each country accepts sole responsibility for the disposal of its own waste.
Option 2: Several countries cooperate with the aim of building a repository in one of the countries for use by all the participating countries, i.e. a multinational repository.
Participating countries share the responsibility for the disposal of their combined waste in a single repository built in one of the countries.
TABLE 7. MAIN QUESTIONS THAT MAY ARISE DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL OR MULTINATIONAL REPOSITORIES (cont.)
Questions Answers
What are the pros and cons? Option 1:
Pros: Each country retains full control of the national repository
project at all times
Each country can, at any stage of the project, make changes to it, or even discontinue the project altogether Option 2:
Pros: Participating countries can pool their resources to build the shared repository Participating countries can share the financial burden and also derive benefits from the economy of scale of the joint project
Cons: Each country needs to mobilize all the required resources for implementing the national repository project
Each country needs to bear the full capital and operating cost burden for the implementation of the repository
Cons: Participating countries are vulnerable to members withdrawing from the joint project at any stage
Withdrawal of participating countries reduces the effectiveness of the joint project and shifts the burden to the remaining members How does one arrive at the best
strategy for a country? There are two possibilities:
(1) A purely national repository strategy is followed (2) Dual track strategy is developed and followed How does one implement the
multinational strategy, if chosen? There are five phases in implementing the process:
Phase I: Several countries agree to explore the possibility of cooperating in a multinational approach
Feasibility studies are performed by the prospective participating countries on the implications of a joint repository project
Phase II: Each prospective participating country defines a national strategy, and then proceeds to determine the impact of multinational requirements, if imposed on the national waste management system
Phase III: Project planning
Complete with all participating countries the planning necessary for the multinational project implementation
Phase IV: Project execution
Before site selection: Complete all activities associated with site selection process, select a site and hence a host country
Phase V: Project execution
After site selection: Complete all activities involved in the construction and operation of the repository
What are the critical success factors for a multinational approach?
(not listed in order of priority)
— Clearly defined benefits for participating countries
— An agreed need for cooperation among the participating countries
— A willing host country capable of taking the lead in the repository project execution
— Public confidence in and acceptance of the project, especially within the host country
— Compliance with all safety requirements and ensuring the confidence of the responsible regulators
— A well developed siting strategy implemented with commensurate sensitivity
— A robust contractual framework that is binding on the participating countries and encourages continued future cooperation
— Support and endorsement from the international nuclear community
— Well developed national strategy for waste management among the participating countries
REFERENCES
[1] Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management, INFCIRC/546, IAEA, Vienna (1997).
[2] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Policies and Strategies for Radioactive Waste Management, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NW-G-1.1, Vienna (2009).
[3] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Disposal of Radioactive Waste, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-5, IAEA, Vienna (2011).
[4] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Governmental, Legal and Regulatory Framework for Safety, IAEA Safety Standards No. GSR Part 1 (Rev. 1), IAEA, Vienna (2016).
[5] EUROPEAN COMMISSION, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION, OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3, IAEA, Vienna (2014).
[6] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Technical, Institutional and Economic Factors Important for Developing a Multinational Radioactive Waste Repository, IAEA-TECDOC-1021, IAEA, Vienna (1998).
[7] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Developing Multinational Radioactive Waste Repositories: Infrastructural Framework and Scenarios of Cooperation, IAEA-TECDOC-1413, IAEA, Vienna (2004).
[8] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Viability of Sharing Facilities for the Disposition of Spent Fuel and Nuclear Wastes: An Assessment of Recent Proposals, IAEA-TECDOC-1658, IAEA, Vienna (2011).
[9] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Technical, Economic and Institutional Aspects of Regional Spent Fuel Storage Facilities, TECDOC-1482, IAEA, Vienna (2005).
[10] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Multilateral Approaches to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Expert Group Report to the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA, Vienna (2005).
[11] Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM of 19 July 2011 on Establishing a Community Framework for the Responsible and Safe Management of Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste, Official Journal of the European Union L199/48 (2011).
[12] CHAPMAN, N., McCOMBIE, C., RICHARDSON, P., Strategic Action Plan for Implementation of European Regional Repositories: Stage 2, Work Package 3, Economic Aspects of Regional Repositories (2008),
http://cordis.europa.eu/publication/rcn/16544_en.html
[13] EUROPEAN REPOSITORY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION WORKING GROUP, ERDO Working Group (2013), http://www.erdo-wg.eu
[14] ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL UNDERGROUND STORAGE, Arius (2013), http://www.arius-world.org
[15] RUCHKIN, S.V., LOGINOV, V. Y., Securing the nuclear fuel cycle: What next? Int. At. Energy Agency Bull. 48 1 (2006) 24–26.
[16] NIKITIN, M., ANDREWS, A., HOLT, M., Managing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Policy Implications of Expanding Global Access to Nuclear Power, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC (2011).
[17] INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY COOPERATION, Homepage (2015), http://www.ifnec.org
[18] IMPLEMENTING GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM, Homepage (2015),
http://www.igdtp.eu/
[19] CHAPMAN, N., McCOMBIE, C., Staged Siting Strategy, Nucl. Eng. Int. (May 2008) 26.
[20] COMMITTEE ON PRINCIPLES AND OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR STAGED REPOSITORY SYSTEMS, BOARD ON RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT, DIVISION ON EARTH AND LIFE STUDIES, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, One Step at a Time: The Staged Development of Geologic Repositories for High-Level Radioactive Waste (2003), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (2003).
[21] OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, Stepwise Approach to Decision Making for Long-term Radioactive Waste Management: Experience, Issues and Guiding Principles, OECD Publishing, Paris (2004) 72 pp.
[22] RISOLUTI, P., McCOMBIE, C., CHAPMAN, N., BOUTELLIER, C., Strategic Action Plan for Implementation of European Regional Repositories: Stage 2, Work Package 1, Legal & Business Options for Developing a Multinational/Regional Repository (2008),
http://www.erdo-wg.eu/SAPIERR_2_files/SAPIERR%20II%20WP-1%20web.pdf
[23] SCHEINMAN, L., The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: a Challenge for Non-Proliferation, Disarm. Dipl. 76 (2004).
[24] EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY, Convention for the Establishment of a European Space Agency & ESA Council, 5th edn, ESA, Noordwijk, Netherlands (2003).
[25] EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION, INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION, OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Fundamental Safety Principles, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SF-1, IAEA, Vienna (2006).
[26] The Structure and Content of Agreements Between the Agency and States Required in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, INFCIRC/153 (corrected) June 1972, IAEA, Vienna (1972).
[27] INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, Risk Management, ISO 31000:2009, ISO, Geneva (2009).
[28] COMMITTEE ON DISPOSITION OF HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE THROUGH GEOLOGICAL ISOLATION, BOARD ON RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Disposition of High-Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel: The Continuing Societal and Technical Challenges, National Academies Press, Washington, DC (2001).
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[30] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Major Findings of the INPRO Dialogue Forum “Drivers and Impediments for Regional Cooperation on the Way to Sustainable Nuclear Energy Systems” (2012),
http://www.iaea.org/INPRO/CPs/SYNERGIES/VVK_V2_Major_Findings_INPRO_DF_Regional_Cooperation_V2.pdf
ABBREVIATIONS
ARIUS Association for Regional and International Underground Storage ERDO European Repository Development Organisation
GNEP Global Nuclear Energy Partnership GNPI Global Nuclear Power Infrastructure
HLW high level waste
IFNEC International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation ILW intermediate level waste
INPRO International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles
LLW low level waste
MN-RDO multinational repository development organization MN-RO multinational repository organization
NPP nuclear power plant
SAPIERR I Support Action: Pilot Initiative for European Regional Repositories
SAPIERR II Strategic Action Plan for Implementation of European Regional Repositories URL underground research laboratory
WAC waste acceptance criteria
WMO national waste management organization
CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
Al-Baroudi, H. The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Saudi Arabia Bredell, P. South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, South Africa
Lentijo, J.C. International Atomic Energy Agency Linsley, G. Private consultant, United Kingdom McCombie, C. Arius Association, Switzerland
Mele, I. International Atomic Energy Agency
Nachmilner, L. International Atomic Energy Agency Vesterlind, M. International Atomic Energy Agency
Consultants Meetings
Vienna, Austria: 23−27 May 2011; 8−11 October 2012
Key Examples BP:Basic Principles NG-G-3.1:Nuclear General (NG), Guide, Nuclear Infrastructure and Planning (topic 3), #1 O: Objectives NP-T-5.4:Nuclear Power (NP), Report (T), Research Reactors (topic 5), #4 G: Guides NF-T-3.6:Nuclear Fuel (NF), Report (T), Spent Fuel Management and Reprocessing (topic 3), #6 T:Technical Reports NW-G-1.1:Radioactive Waste Management and Decommissioning (NW), Guide, Nos 1-6:Topic designations Radioactive Waste (topic 1), #1 #:Guide or Report number (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.)
St ru ct ure of the IAEA N uc lea r Energ y Serie s
Radioactive Waste Management and Decommissioning Objectives NW-O Nuclear Fuel Cycle Objectives NF-ONuclear Power Objectives NP-O
Nuclear General Objectives NG-O
Nuclear Energy Basic Principles NE-BP 1. Management Systems
NG-G-1.# NG-T
-1.# 2. Human Resources
NG-G-2.# NG-T
-2.# 3. Nuclear Infrastructure and Planning
NG-G-3.# NG-T
-3.# 4. Economics NG-G-4.# NG-T
-4.# 5. Energy System Analysis
NG-G-5.# NG-T
-5.# 6. Knowledge Management
NG-G-6.# NG-T
-6.#
1. Technology Development
NP-G-1.# NP-T
-1.# 2. Design and Construction of Nuclear Power Plants
NP-G-2.# NP-T
-2.# 3. Operation of Nuclear Power Plants
NP-G-3.# NP-T
-3.# 4. Non-Electrical Applications
NP-G-4.# NP-T
-4.# 5. Research Reactors
NP-G-5.# NP-T
-5.#
1. Resources NF-G-1.# NF-T
-1.# 2. Fuel Engineering and Performance
NF-G-2.# NF-T
-2.# 3. Spent Fuel Management and Reprocessing
NF-G-3.# NF-T
-3.# 4. Fuel Cycles NF-G-4.# NF-T
-4.# 5. Research Reactors — Nuclear Fuel Cycle
NF-G-5.# NF-T
-5.#
1. Radioactive Waste Management NW-G-1.# NW-T-1.# 2. Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities NW-G-2.# NW-T-2.# 3. Site Remediation NW-G-3.# NW-T-3.#
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