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TABLE 6. MULTINATIONAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES (cont.) Category

Phase IPhase IIPhase IIIPhase IVPhase V ConceptualPreparation

Initiating MN-RDO

ImplementationImplementation National levelMultinational levelBefore site selectionAfter site selection Feasibility studiesFeasibility studies by ad hoc working group

Define potential multinational implementation scenarios

Define potential benefits and challenges

Define incentives for pursuing multinational approach

Define key issues to be resolved

Outline possible implementation strategy

Check compatibility of all feasibility studies with national policies, plans and requirements Studies demonstrating capabilities to design repositories for dif

ferent geologies and to analyse safety

Policy (Political level)

A national policy is in place Multinational option is not excluded

Government decision to consider a multinational repository as one of the

options

Government to decide to pursue multinational

option

Finalize and publicize the policy of the MN-RDO Ensure that national policies remain in alignment with the

multinational approach in a dual track policy

TABLE 6. MULTINATIONAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES (cont.) Category

Phase IPhase IIPhase IIIPhase IVPhase V ConceptualPreparation

Initiating MN-RDO

ImplementationImplementation National levelMultinational levelBefore site selectionAfter site selection StrategyA national strategy is in place Multinational option is not excluded

Define current and future waste management requirements at national level

Review and revise if necessary

Establish links with potential partners internationally

Agree a basic multinational implementation strategy including a multinational siting concept

Finalize and publicize strategy at national and multinational level

Ensure that national

strategies stay aligned with the multinational approach in a dual track strategy Organizational An ad hoc group can structuresinitiate these conceptual studies

Establish a national evaluation team

Establish a multinational

WG to

assess multinational project

Establish links to international community

Establish MN-RDO

MN-RDO to perform siting work

When site is chosen, finalize appropriate form of the MN-RO Establish MN-RO for licensing, facility construction and

operation InstitutionalAssess institutional framework for national waste management

Assess compliance with international obligations: treaties, conventions Prepare proposals for compatibility of

regulation and legislation to multinational approach

Ensure harmonization and compatibility of institutional aspects

Determine the role of international institutions in the multinational project

Develop a mechanism for sharing liabilities

Agree oversight bodies for safety and security

Establish bi/multilateral arrangements

Establish contractual responsibilities and obligations Obtain licence authorization

TABLE 6. MULTINATIONAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES (cont.) Category

Phase IPhase IIPhase IIIPhase IVPhase V ConceptualPreparation

Initiating MN-RDO ImplementationImplementation National levelMultinational levelBefore site selectionAfter site selection

Legislation/ Regulation

Assess and define necessary legal and regulatory framework for national waste management

Prepare proposals for compatibility of legislation and regulation with multinational system Harmonize national legislation and regulation for multinational compatibility Check specific legislation in the chosen host country

Economic and financial Assess economic and financial implications of multinational approach

Estimate costs

Allocate costs

Establish financing mechanisms

Develop benefits packages for potential hosts Negotiate and agree final benefits package for host

Agree financial terms on which new users may be

accepted Technical

Assess potential safety , security and environmental benefits of multinational option Assess the technical requirements and capabilities at the national level Assess R&D requirements

Develop alternative conceptual repository designs

Allow flexibility in designs for adaptation to dif

ferent waste types

and volumes

Utilize available R&D Social

Assess likely sociopolitical implications

Develop public involvement strategy

Articulate benefits for host country

Adopt a volunteer siting approach

Employ communication teams including representatives of MN-RDO and of the relevant

national WMO

TABLE 6. MULTINATIONAL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES (cont.) Category

Phase IPhase IIPhase IIIPhase IVPhase V ConceptualPreparation

Initiating MN-RDO

ImplementationImplementation National levelMultinational levelBefore site selectionAfter site selection Project Activities: Project management

Agree project implementation principles

Agree project management requirements, strategy and plan

Establish project management team

Provide resources for project execution

SitingAgree siting concept: conceptual design, siting procedure principles and public involvement Agree and publicize a detailed siting strategy

Adopt a volunteering siting approach

Siting process: four stages

Allow for several sites in one country

Harmonize site evaluation and selection criteria

Select and confirm a final site

FacilitiesThe MN-RDO will

need to be domiciled in a participating country and will need a certain

infrastructure

Construct repository facilities,

Commission and operate facilities

Close repository

Appendix IV

SUMMARY OF THE MAIN ISSUES INVOLVED IN IMPLEMENTING NATIONAL OR MULTINATIONAL REPOSITORIES

Primarily for the benefit for policy and decision makers not involved on a day to day basis with the issues involved in implementing repositories, Table 7 attempts to pose and answer the key questions that may arise during the implementation of national or multinational repositories.

TABLE 7. MAIN QUESTIONS THAT MAY ARISE DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL OR MULTINATIONAL REPOSITORIES (cont.)

Questions Answers

What is the challenge? The difficulty is to ensure that highly active long lived radioactive waste remains in a safe condition in the long term (over thousands of years).

Protection of human health and the environment is required on a continual basis.

What is the solution? The only long term solution is permanent isolation of the waste in a deep geological repository.

Long lived waste can be temporarily stored, but ultimately it needs to be disposed of in a geological repository.

What is a deep geological repository? A deep geological repository is a facility that is constructed a few hundred metres underground in which the waste is permanently disposed of.

How does one construct such a

repository? There are a number of steps in the process of constructing a geological repository. The main steps are:

— Find a geological host rock situated deep underground that is suitable for the construction of the repository

— Provide access shafts down to the host rock to be able to construct an underground system of corridors and cavities for the disposal of the waste packages

— Prepare the waste packages above ground, move the packages into the repository and secure them in fixed positions provided for this purpose

— Backfill the repository at the end of its operating life to the extent necessary to allow for retrievability of the waste

— Carry out a post-closure safety assessment on the repository, and if successful, declare it to be safe for long term institutional control

How does one go about the task? There are two options:

Option 1: Each country builds its own deep geological repository for its exclusive use, i.e. a national repository.

Each country accepts sole responsibility for the disposal of its own waste.

Option 2: Several countries cooperate with the aim of building a repository in one of the countries for use by all the participating countries, i.e. a multinational repository.

Participating countries share the responsibility for the disposal of their combined waste in a single repository built in one of the countries.

TABLE 7. MAIN QUESTIONS THAT MAY ARISE DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL OR MULTINATIONAL REPOSITORIES (cont.)

Questions Answers

What are the pros and cons? Option 1:

Pros: Each country retains full control of the national repository

project at all times

Each country can, at any stage of the project, make changes to it, or even discontinue the project altogether Option 2:

Pros: Participating countries can pool their resources to build the shared repository Participating countries can share the financial burden and also derive benefits from the economy of scale of the joint project

Cons: Each country needs to mobilize all the required resources for implementing the national repository project

Each country needs to bear the full capital and operating cost burden for the implementation of the repository

Cons: Participating countries are vulnerable to members withdrawing from the joint project at any stage

Withdrawal of participating countries reduces the effectiveness of the joint project and shifts the burden to the remaining members How does one arrive at the best

strategy for a country? There are two possibilities:

(1) A purely national repository strategy is followed (2) Dual track strategy is developed and followed How does one implement the

multinational strategy, if chosen? There are five phases in implementing the process:

Phase I: Several countries agree to explore the possibility of cooperating in a multinational approach

Feasibility studies are performed by the prospective participating countries on the implications of a joint repository project

Phase II: Each prospective participating country defines a national strategy, and then proceeds to determine the impact of multinational requirements, if imposed on the national waste management system

Phase III: Project planning

Complete with all participating countries the planning necessary for the multinational project implementation

Phase IV: Project execution

Before site selection: Complete all activities associated with site selection process, select a site and hence a host country

Phase V: Project execution

After site selection: Complete all activities involved in the construction and operation of the repository

What are the critical success factors for a multinational approach?

(not listed in order of priority)

— Clearly defined benefits for participating countries

— An agreed need for cooperation among the participating countries

— A willing host country capable of taking the lead in the repository project execution

— Public confidence in and acceptance of the project, especially within the host country

— Compliance with all safety requirements and ensuring the confidence of the responsible regulators

— A well developed siting strategy implemented with commensurate sensitivity

— A robust contractual framework that is binding on the participating countries and encourages continued future cooperation

— Support and endorsement from the international nuclear community

— Well developed national strategy for waste management among the participating countries

REFERENCES

[1] Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management, INFCIRC/546, IAEA, Vienna (1997).

[2] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Policies and Strategies for Radioactive Waste Management, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NW-G-1.1, Vienna (2009).

[3] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Disposal of Radioactive Waste, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-5, IAEA, Vienna (2011).

[4] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Governmental, Legal and Regulatory Framework for Safety, IAEA Safety Standards No. GSR Part 1 (Rev. 1), IAEA, Vienna (2016).

[5] EUROPEAN COMMISSION, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION, OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3, IAEA, Vienna (2014).

[6] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Technical, Institutional and Economic Factors Important for Developing a Multinational Radioactive Waste Repository, IAEA-TECDOC-1021, IAEA, Vienna (1998).

[7] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Developing Multinational Radioactive Waste Repositories: Infrastructural Framework and Scenarios of Cooperation, IAEA-TECDOC-1413, IAEA, Vienna (2004).

[8] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Viability of Sharing Facilities for the Disposition of Spent Fuel and Nuclear Wastes: An Assessment of Recent Proposals, IAEA-TECDOC-1658, IAEA, Vienna (2011).

[9] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Technical, Economic and Institutional Aspects of Regional Spent Fuel Storage Facilities, TECDOC-1482, IAEA, Vienna (2005).

[10] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Multilateral Approaches to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Expert Group Report to the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA, Vienna (2005).

[11] Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM of 19 July 2011 on Establishing a Community Framework for the Responsible and Safe Management of Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste, Official Journal of the European Union L199/48 (2011).

[12] CHAPMAN, N., McCOMBIE, C., RICHARDSON, P., Strategic Action Plan for Implementation of European Regional Repositories: Stage 2, Work Package 3, Economic Aspects of Regional Repositories (2008),

http://cordis.europa.eu/publication/rcn/16544_en.html

[13] EUROPEAN REPOSITORY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION WORKING GROUP, ERDO Working Group (2013), http://www.erdo-wg.eu

[14] ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL UNDERGROUND STORAGE, Arius (2013), http://www.arius-world.org

[15] RUCHKIN, S.V., LOGINOV, V. Y., Securing the nuclear fuel cycle: What next? Int. At. Energy Agency Bull. 48 1 (2006) 24–26.

[16] NIKITIN, M., ANDREWS, A., HOLT, M., Managing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Policy Implications of Expanding Global Access to Nuclear Power, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC (2011).

[17] INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY COOPERATION, Homepage (2015), http://www.ifnec.org

[18] IMPLEMENTING GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM, Homepage (2015),

http://www.igdtp.eu/

[19] CHAPMAN, N., McCOMBIE, C., Staged Siting Strategy, Nucl. Eng. Int. (May 2008) 26.

[20] COMMITTEE ON PRINCIPLES AND OPERATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR STAGED REPOSITORY SYSTEMS, BOARD ON RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT, DIVISION ON EARTH AND LIFE STUDIES, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, One Step at a Time: The Staged Development of Geologic Repositories for High-Level Radioactive Waste (2003), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (2003).

[21] OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, Stepwise Approach to Decision Making for Long-term Radioactive Waste Management: Experience, Issues and Guiding Principles, OECD Publishing, Paris (2004) 72 pp.

[22] RISOLUTI, P., McCOMBIE, C., CHAPMAN, N., BOUTELLIER, C., Strategic Action Plan for Implementation of European Regional Repositories: Stage 2, Work Package 1, Legal & Business Options for Developing a Multinational/Regional Repository (2008),

http://www.erdo-wg.eu/SAPIERR_2_files/SAPIERR%20II%20WP-1%20web.pdf

[23] SCHEINMAN, L., The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: a Challenge for Non-Proliferation, Disarm. Dipl. 76 (2004).

[24] EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY, Convention for the Establishment of a European Space Agency & ESA Council, 5th edn, ESA, Noordwijk, Netherlands (2003).

[25] EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION, INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION, OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Fundamental Safety Principles, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SF-1, IAEA, Vienna (2006).

[26] The Structure and Content of Agreements Between the Agency and States Required in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, INFCIRC/153 (corrected) June 1972, IAEA, Vienna (1972).

[27] INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, Risk Management, ISO 31000:2009, ISO, Geneva (2009).

[28] COMMITTEE ON DISPOSITION OF HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE THROUGH GEOLOGICAL ISOLATION, BOARD ON RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Disposition of High-Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel: The Continuing Societal and Technical Challenges, National Academies Press, Washington, DC (2001).

[29] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Options for Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste for Countries Developing New Nuclear Power Programmes, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NW-T-1.24, IAEA, Vienna (2013).

[30] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Major Findings of the INPRO Dialogue Forum “Drivers and Impediments for Regional Cooperation on the Way to Sustainable Nuclear Energy Systems” (2012),

http://www.iaea.org/INPRO/CPs/SYNERGIES/VVK_V2_Major_Findings_INPRO_DF_Regional_Cooperation_V2.pdf

ABBREVIATIONS

ARIUS Association for Regional and International Underground Storage ERDO European Repository Development Organisation

GNEP Global Nuclear Energy Partnership GNPI Global Nuclear Power Infrastructure

HLW high level waste

IFNEC International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation ILW intermediate level waste

INPRO International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles

LLW low level waste

MN-RDO multinational repository development organization MN-RO multinational repository organization

NPP nuclear power plant

SAPIERR I Support Action: Pilot Initiative for European Regional Repositories

SAPIERR II Strategic Action Plan for Implementation of European Regional Repositories URL underground research laboratory

WAC waste acceptance criteria

WMO national waste management organization

CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW

Al-Baroudi, H. The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Saudi Arabia Bredell, P. South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, South Africa

Lentijo, J.C. International Atomic Energy Agency Linsley, G. Private consultant, United Kingdom McCombie, C. Arius Association, Switzerland

Mele, I. International Atomic Energy Agency

Nachmilner, L. International Atomic Energy Agency Vesterlind, M. International Atomic Energy Agency

Consultants Meetings

Vienna, Austria: 23−27 May 2011; 8−11 October 2012

Key Examples BP:Basic Principles NG-G-3.1:Nuclear General (NG), Guide, Nuclear Infrastructure and Planning (topic 3), #1 O: Objectives NP-T-5.4:Nuclear Power (NP), Report (T), Research Reactors (topic 5), #4 G: Guides NF-T-3.6:Nuclear Fuel (NF), Report (T), Spent Fuel Management and Reprocessing (topic 3), #6 T:Technical Reports NW-G-1.1:Radioactive Waste Management and Decommissioning (NW), Guide, Nos 1-6:Topic designations Radioactive Waste (topic 1), #1 #:Guide or Report number (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.)

St ru ct ure of the IAEA N uc lea r Energ y Serie s

Radioactive Waste Management and Decommissioning Objectives NW-O Nuclear Fuel Cycle Objectives NF-O

Nuclear Power Objectives NP-O

Nuclear General Objectives NG-O

Nuclear Energy Basic Principles NE-BP 1. Management Systems

NG-G-1.# NG-T

-1.# 2. Human Resources

NG-G-2.# NG-T

-2.# 3. Nuclear Infrastructure and Planning

NG-G-3.# NG-T

-3.# 4. Economics NG-G-4.# NG-T

-4.# 5. Energy System Analysis

NG-G-5.# NG-T

-5.# 6. Knowledge Management

NG-G-6.# NG-T

-6.#

1. Technology Development

NP-G-1.# NP-T

-1.# 2. Design and Construction of Nuclear Power Plants

NP-G-2.# NP-T

-2.# 3. Operation of Nuclear Power Plants

NP-G-3.# NP-T

-3.# 4. Non-Electrical Applications

NP-G-4.# NP-T

-4.# 5. Research Reactors

NP-G-5.# NP-T

-5.#

1. Resources NF-G-1.# NF-T

-1.# 2. Fuel Engineering and Performance

NF-G-2.# NF-T

-2.# 3. Spent Fuel Management and Reprocessing

NF-G-3.# NF-T

-3.# 4. Fuel Cycles NF-G-4.# NF-T

-4.# 5. Research Reactors — Nuclear Fuel Cycle

NF-G-5.# NF-T

-5.#

1. Radioactive Waste Management NW-G-1.# NW-T-1.# 2. Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities NW-G-2.# NW-T-2.# 3. Site Remediation NW-G-3.# NW-T-3.#

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